Essay about The Virtrues of Benjamin Franklin and...

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin seem to prove to everyone how articulate, intelligent and sophisticated this man was. He wrote about the trials he underwent to become the writer he is known as today. He even was so intelligent he sought out to publish in his autobiography what virtues would have you â€Å"arriving at the door of moral perfection† (90). He wanted to show everyone that becoming perfect wasnt as arduous as everyone had thought. Benjamin Franklin was true Renaissance Man born at a different time period, Non-Religious and he indeed was being a sharp-witted mind that believed slavery was inhumane. Benjamin Franklin’s three personality traits that he exhibits are exhibited in Frederick Douglass. The first trait these two men†¦show more content†¦Douglass thought to be a true Christian, you must treat others right and have proper morals and virtues to life by. They both just thought Religion should not be mixed with who you were. That you should always be a good person regardless of what you believed in. The third trait these two men exhibited was these men persistent in what they believed in. They both believed in Justice. This in fact was one of Franklin’s virtues. â€Å"Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty...†(93). In other words he was saying that you should never do bad to others no matter the case. This may have been Benjamin’s strongest trait because he was a stubborn man. He was a firm believer in treating everyone fair. Frederick had the same trait where he thought treating people unfairly (especially black/slaves/women) was injustice to humanity. He did fight against these barbaric judicial powers an d fought for civil rights. Frederick was also stubborn as well. For the rest of these mens’ lives they did live with these traits and are well known now a days for them. In brief, these men had strong characteristics but shared these traits the most. But unique and alike in the same way, they help build America’s Political and Social standards in their lifetime. Benjamin was a man known for his many talents and Frederick Douglass was a man known as a great

The Struggle for Power and Control Between Bartleby and...

The Struggle for Power and Control between Bartleby and the Lawyer In Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street â€Å"Imprimis: I am a man who, from his youth upwards, has been filled with a profound conviction that the easiest way of life is best†- Melville Melville intends something less black and white with more gray shading. Melville uses dramatic irony and grim humor in â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street. This is to show the reader how the Lawyer assumes he is a safe, successful and powerful man with extensive control in his polite society until he hires a man named Bartleby. This relationship is slowly revealed to be quite a conundrum for the Lawyer and the reader. Melville shows how the Lawyer†¦show more content†¦But no.† (p. 4). The lawyer felt it had detrimental consequences on Turkey. He was awed that a coat made Turkey behave above his station in life and he doesn’t help Turkey again. The Lawyer reacts in an uncustomary way toward Bartleby response of â€Å"I would prefer not to† (p.6) do the work that is required of him. â€Å"With another man I should have flown outright into a dreadful fashion, scorned all further words, and thrust him ignominiously from my presence †¦ (p.7) so the Lawyer admits to not following his normal reaction to someone being insolent and Bartleby’s behavior of calm demeanor confuses and shakes the Lawyer to his core. He tries to regain power and â€Å"I begin to reason with him† (p.7) similarly like with Turkey but he gets no where with Bartleby. â€Å"You decided, then, not to comply with my request- a request made according to common usage and common sense?†(p.7) This is the beginning of many power struggles that Bartleby and Lawyer has and the Lawyer will lose. The Lawyer continues to try to maintain control over Bartleby and his perplexing behaviors. He uses the other employees which the Lawyer assumes are of Bartleby’s intellectual level to persuade him to fulfill his request. â€Å"Blind obedience from all employees is presumed; but in Bartleby’s special case a reasonableShow MoreRelated Comparing Power in Cask of Amontillado, Rappaccinis Daughter, and Bartleby844 Words   |  4 PagesPower in Poes Cask of Amontillado, Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter, Melvilles Bartleby the Scrivener, Phelps Angel over the Right Shoulder and Childs The Quadroon In Poes The Cask of Amontillado Montressor seeks his revenge (for an imagined offense) on Fortunado. He manipulates Fortunado into beliving that he is a friend and that they are going through the crypt. He uses Fortunados weak point --his love of alcohol-- against him. He creates the illusion of concern by insisting thatRead MoreBartleby, The Scrivener : A Story Of Wall Street1407 Words   |  6 Pagescasts a spot light on social awareness versus self- independence and nonconformity. Similar to the short story â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street†, published in Putnam’s Monthly Magazine in 1853 by Herman Melville. The narrator, is an elderly lawyer with a small time firm who hires a scrivener named Bartleby. In the beginning Bartleby does the work asked of him by the lawyer but as time progresses he stops working completely using the phrase â€Å"I would prefer not to† as a form of negligibleRead More Suppression and Subversion through Walls in Bartleby the Scrivener2092 Words   |  9 PagesSuppression and Subversion through Walls in â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† In â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† an elderly lawyer recounts the tenure of a scrivener, Bartleby, from his office. The progression of this employer/employee relationship depicts disengagement between opposing social classes and its consequences. The presence of the subtitle of â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener: A Tale of Wall Street† has been given much consideration. The subtitle carries the baggage of the emerging capitalistic cultureRead More The Plight of the Common Man in Herman Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener4258 Words   |  18 Pagesto man, and a definite end as one main object of the State; and these elements are primary in the democratic scheme. Liberty is the next step, and is the means by which that end is secured. It is so cardinal in democracy to strive for a balance between the individual and the mass, so that the identification of the common man as an American ensures him of the promises proposed by the government. (226-227). During the early 1800s, America struggled with the search for identity and the shiftRead More Many Views of Melvilles Bartelby The Scrivener Essay2380 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Scrivener, he writes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I believe that the character of Bartelby is a psychological   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   double for the story’s nameless lawyer-narrator, and that   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the story’s criticism of a sterile and impersonal society can best be clarified by investigation of this role.† - â€Å"Bartelby appears to be the lawyer chiefly to remind him of the inadequacies, the sterile routine, of his world.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (College English, pg. 68)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marcus

Research Method Proposal Report

Question: Write a report on "Research Method Proposal". Answer: Introduction Globalization has resulted in the global interlinking of economies, which (Ibrahim and Al Falasi, 2014) attributed to up surged technological advancements that have heightened competition in the current business environment. Gregory (2002) further noted that with the up surging acknowledgment that growth in global trade, as enabled by advancements in communications, technology, and transport facilitation has led to the increased competition of global markets. Raymond (1989); Steven and Gregory (2002) indicated that the more pronounce economic globalization becomes, the more tied is the ability of organizations to effectively compete in the global marketplace. This ability will solely lay on these organizations quality of their resources, specifically the human resources. Numerous organizations depend on their human resources for their expertise to identify and adopt innovations and technologies; thereby bringing in competitive advantages in the marketplace (Reiche, 2007). In this marketplace, retaining staff is thus an indispensable ingredient for organizational performance and productivity. Nonetheless, retaining staff is not only an organizational challenge but also a global concern. Organizational top-level managers are persistently hampered with challenges or retaining their valuable and skilled staff. More evidently, this has been a major concern for managers to lower their organizations high turnovers at the expense of increasing changing and demanding marketplace (Arthur, 1994; Tayeb, 1997; Buck and Watson, 2002; Debrah and Budhwar, 2004; Budhwar and Mellahi,2007; Sam and Chipunza, 2009). Indeed, there exist challenges in retaining staff, which often result in the vital component of organizational abilities to warrant sustained competence and competitiveness (Barney, 1991; Woods, Heck, and Sciarini, 1998; Price, 2004; Sinangli, 2004; Holland, Sheehan and De Cieri, 2007). The challenges, amongst other aspects, are importantly associated with the organizational culture, leadership models, structural support, and remuneration schemes in the organization (Pamella, 2003). These challenges are further compelled by the situation that high skilled staff ostensibly leave their jobs for prospects of higher financial recompenses, and better-working situations. Further, these employees according to Zheng and Lamond (2010) are at times preyed by larger organizations such as corporates, and multi-nationals, which are able to offer better and more benefits. This is purely evident in UAE, which is an economic hub for the Middle East and has not been an exception to the dynamic global economy (Wouter and Peter, 2007). While as, organizations are designing and re-strategizing to curb these challenges, they are also identifying the need to maintain committed, skilled, and talented workforces, which will meaningfully add to the prosperity and accomplishments of the organization. But, these organizations may be inadequate in establishing reforms and initiatives that will help hold their workforce (Tayeb, 1997; Buck and Watson, 2002; Debrah and Budhwar, 2004; Budhwar and Mellahi, 2007). Statement of the Problem Every organization needs to continually recognize the critical role of HRM practices prior to departure of their top level management, middle-level personnel, and lower-level employees. Nonetheless, in place of such recognition, it is worrisome that in spite of the programs, incentives, policies and support availed at establishing new and revamping existent public organizations, these organizations have continually failed to adopt effective HRM practices and performed below the expectation in UAE (Dubai Economic Development Department, 2013). For these organizations to thrive they must have a people (Human Resource) that are a source of immense support of the development of the public sectors objectives and mandate. Public sectors organizations are increasingly recognizing the significant asset that comes with the human resource and one that could enhance sustainable competitive advantage. Nonetheless, they fail to realize the prominence of effective management of human resources in enhancing the organizational well-being. Dole and Schroeder (2014) note that from this failure, they are not able to invest sufficient resources in enhancing their capacity in needed human resource competencies. The inadequate focus on the management of the human resource is observed as contributing to organizational conflicts and failing shareholder expectations (Sousa-Poza, 2015). It also stands between performance and failure in numerous public organizations in UAE, particularly, in the Dubai Emirate and other developing emirates. Thus, impeding the sustainable performance of the public organizations (Scott-Findlay and Estabrooks, 2016). Resultantly, there emerge the higher turnover rates standing at 47.6% for UAEs public sector (Dubai Economic Development Department, 2013) According to Zheng and Lamond (2010), every time is a hiring period for organizations as they seek to refill left positions in their organizations. The resultant cost of recruiting new employees to fill vacant positions in organizations is exceptionally very high; more occasionally it is underestimated owing to unforeseen and/or unreported costs and implications for staff turnover (Buck and Watson, 2007). Abbasi and Holman (2016) further indicated that the higher incidences of turnovers bring with them more than the visible monetary costs. Turnover incidences also demotivate and demoralize the employees left behind; as well as they adversely lower the morale for the workplace. Moreover, in addition to the costs of hiring new staff, organizations are also worst hit as new recruitments every now and then have negative influences on their performance and productivity. Statistically, the departure of committed, skilled, and talented workforces is far too alarming (Abubakar, 2014). For in stance, one particular organization in the public sector and based in Dubai recorded a 10.2% turnover rate alone in 2011; in 2013, another organization witnessed up to 14% (Alnimir, 2015). The departures included resignations and absconds. Reasonably, the Alnimir (2015) attributed these departures to poor and unfair performance appraisal, performance evaluations, low remunerations, no promotion or motivation schemes, unfavorable organizational cultures, and deplorable working conditions In the contemporary business environment, staff seems to be less committed to their respective employers. Because the employer may fail to warrant the longevity or stability of their staffs corporate career paths, or job securities, the traditional contract of staff loyalty in exchange for security and/ or tenure and fair work has eroded away in the recent past (Overman, 2014). Seemingly, the contemporary trends are directed towards establishing career portfolios (Handy, 2015), because the workforce is continually recognizing that they role and efforts are what is now need to achieve employment resilience, develop skills, capabilities, and flexibility required to meet the constantly changing employer requirements. Additionally, Beck (2013) attributes these shifts to the emerging emphasis on professional and/or portfolio growth as opposed to organizational loyalty (Levine, 2012). The resultant unstable markets have favored non-market organizations, thereby leading to the decline in jo b stabilities and decreasing incidences of long-term employments in most organizations. As a result, the emergent job insecurity/ instability and the reduced employee commitment have resulted in inequalities in both employment and incomes (Darwish, 2013). Owing to the above description, the UAE workforce is countered with a need of change, which in history was unprecedented. Moreover, with the aspects of empowerment coming up combined with the unfavorable working conditions (longer working hours, less leisure time, little or no leaves or work-offs, inadequate remuneration) and necessity of risk-taking escalate employees risk of burnout. Indeed, these may well explain why public organizations employees have had their values discernibly shifting (Whitener, 2014), and why highly skilled staff believe their greatest opportunities lay with reassigning from one organization to another (Margo Vanover, 2014). As such, addressing the root causes of the departure of employees is far the most crucial element for HRM, as this would also adequately curb the higher incidences of turnover. Previous researchers (Buck and Watson, 2007; Levine, 2012; Darwish, 2013; Dole and Schroeder, 2014; Whitener, 2014; Alnimir, 2015) have indicated the prospect of enhancing job satisfaction, enabling work-life balances, and organizational committeemen with organizations ability to holding their workforces. Vehemently, this study will review this prospect through evaluating the contribution these aspects and other HRM practices to the public organizations capacity to effectively retain their staff. Literature Empirical Review The literature will embed the very recent and related research on HRM practices with respect to staff retention, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover. Firstly, the literature will present the background of HRM practices as applied in the UAE. It will emphasize on the manner in which staff is handled, managed and developed. Further, the literature will address the concerns of staff retention and turnover, their commitment to organizations, and job satisfaction. Indeed, the literature will relate the available theories and empirical findings with HRM practices. HRM Practices in UAE The UAE has witnessed a notable difference between staff and workplace opportunities and workplace conditions for private and public organizations. A larger proportion of the workforce prefers securing employment in the public sector. Reasonably, the public sector is believed to provide better remunerations, established job tenure/ stability/ or security, and better workplace conditions, and better working hours as compared to the private sector (Godwin, 2006; Mellahi, 2007; Dubai Economic Development Department, 2013). The Dubai Economic Development Department (2013) also noted that over 75% of UAEs workforce is engaged in the public sector. Abdelkarim (2015) observed that the evident preference of the public sector by UAEs labor force was not an issue of concern. The numerous government organizations, bodies, departments and agencies always offered more jobs than the private sector. UAE has a small population of about 900,000 people (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2013). But, in the recent past hiring in the public sector has saturated already (Government of UAE, 2012) leading to the decreased number of employment opportunities. At present UAE is hampered with grave challenges, which would potentially affect the countrys economy and by extension the labor market. The situation of decreased jobs in the public sector has compelled the government to initiate schemes where it could help its citizens seize appropriate employment in the private sector (Dubai Economic Development Department, 2013). But, the shift of employees from the private sector into the public sector in UAE has had its unique difficulties and issues. For instance, the public sectors employment is primarily tied to cultural alignments, which dictate the jobs appropriate for citizens (job seekers). As observed by Mellahi (2007) and Al-Ali (2014), the conditions for the job, any associated social interactions, and systems for reporting are afflicted to the cultural status of that employee. This is much different from what happens in other cultures of the world (Al-Oraimi, 2004; Metcalfe, 2009). Additionally, a range of aspects has contributed to the establishment of the workplace in the UAE. Usually, the role of government in UAE is quite vicious and significant. Government develops its citizenry, giving rise to numerous institutions committed to developing and handling human resources (Abubakar, 2014). Secondly, UAE thrives on a market economy that has helped develop, nurture, and promote the countrys human resources. Thirdly, the UAE labor market is characterized by evident competition between the organizations, which pursue to meet their clientele demands and preferences; thereby compelling these organizations to develop and adopt new, appropriate, efficient and innovative approaches of HRM (Abubakar, 2014). Fourthly, as described in the background, UAE has not being spared by globalization and its rapid developments, particularly for communications and technologies, which have facilitated modern and efficient HRM. Markedly, the work values as depicted in the UAE labor force are significantly different from those depicted by the West, Europe, and Africa. They are evidently conformed to local culture (Al-Oraimi, 2004). For instance, kin and tribal associations thrive intensely and influence the hierarchies of numerous organizations. McSweeney (2015) one of the contemporary theorists argue that this distinct national cultural feature has had a notable influence on the behavior of the institutions employees. The employees behavior immensely draws from the Islamic religion and traditional Arabic norms (Bjerke and Al-Meer, 2011). Staff Turnover in the United Arab Emirates Around the globe, organizations are continually competing for larger proportions of the market share. Nonetheless, this relies on staff loyalty and ensuring lower staff turnover incidences coupled with a culture of hard work, accountability, superior quality, in addition to growing productivity (Al-Kahtani, 2013). For organizations in UAE, it will be vital to explore both the public and private sectors. Despite that the labor force received minimum benefits in the public sector, these scantily satisfy their remunerations needs. The private sector, on the other hand, offers high remunerations; however job insecurity is quite high (Al-Kahtani, 2013). For these concerns, staff turnover incidences occur more often in the private sector as compared with the public sector. Turnover rates also differ amongst industries and sub-sectors. For instance, they occur differently for either the service or manufacturing industries. Organizations, employers and business managements as posted by Al-Or aimi (2004) have failed to adequately emphasize the concern of turnover, thereby ostensibly not realizing the adverse consequences, especially on their performance and productivity. Bayt (2012) conducted a study on the factors affecting employee motivation in UAE. The study findings indicated that 11% of the countrys employed labor force was anticipating to move within organizations, 30% persistently were searching for better employment opportunities, 29% were determined on departing from their current organizations. Additionally, the study also illustrated the factors affecting staff turnover. They were employee attitudes and individual factors (Kyndt et al., 2009; Bayt, 2012); work appraisal and evaluations (Bayt, 2012; Kuvaas, 2013); inadequate recognition and motivation schemes (Bayt, 2012; Poon, 2016); insufficient professional and personal development (Bayt, 2012; Shaw, Duffy and Stark, 2013); inadequate and ineffective communication (Apker et al., 2009; Bayt, 2012) and increased turnover by organizations (Bayt, 2012; Heneman and Judge, 2015). Indeed, these statistics showed a poor situation of the UAEs workplace. It should be addressed through efficient p olicy and practice initiatives.| Theoretical Review Systems Theory Lincoln (1985) perceived management of an organization through the systems theory. He noted that an organization, just as a system, will exist and operate in a system entailing a range of components associated to pursue an identified goal. If a single component fails or is inadequate, the entire system is incapacitated too. Essentially, through the system theory, such a system will possess integrals such as inputs/ resources (capital, human, financial, marketing), processes (strategizing, planning, operations, control), outputs (goods, services), and lastly aftermaths (organizational productivity, consumer/ stakeholder well-being). Ideally, the systems theory describes management as procedural and pursuing organizational succession in all spheres (Harris and Fitzpatrick, 2009; Lincoln, 1985). As such, an organization must align entirely all its wits, resources, and strategies for the system to prosper. Notably, the study identifies these aspects as staff retention, organizational com mitment, and job satisfaction as being integral components that must be systematically aligned through a continued planning and enriched practice. Chaos Theor Auxiliary, the chaos theorists articulate that with continued operationalization, a system will gradually generate complexity and devaluation, and in the process, will be more unpredictable (Byrne, 1999). Inherently, there will be a growing need to support the system, including replacement, restructuring and improved infrastructure. With the chaos theory, the complexity will grow to an un-tolerable level, thus, will elicit breakdown, splitting, collaboration with other complex systems, or entire collapse. In the presence of effective planning and management, Katz (2000) noted that effective management is a feasible tool when curbing the uncertainty of what managerial or planning practices are to be applied in organizational operations and when to apply them. Such practice calls for a repetitive managerial and planning procedure (Byrne, 1999) when tackling turnover. The theory described the fundamentality of efficiently handling the human capital and the eventual performance. Clearly, the chaos theory illustrates that successional and efficient HRM coupled with other policies interchanges with organizational practices as progressed by Santorin (2004). Objectives of the Study The study set to evaluate the contribution of human resource practices on UAEs public organizations capacity to retain their employees.To achieve this the study also had to; 1. Evaluate how organizational culture and HRM practices influence staff retention in UAEs public organizations 2. Assess the challenge facing UAEs public organizations with respect to the incidence of higher turnover rates 3. Determine how organizational commitment, employment satisfaction, and organizational leadership practice influence staff retention in public organizations of UAEResearch QuestionsThe following research questions will guide the research; 1. What is the contribution of HRM practices to public organizations in maintaining a committed, skilled, and talented workforce 2. What issues and/or challenges face public organizations, thereby influencing their departures 3. Is there any contribution of effective HRM practices to attaining organizational commitment and employment satisfaction The study settled on the Dubai Emirate. Reasonably, this study area has shown remarkable advancement in technology, use of internet and associated technologies (Alrawi and Sabry, 2009). The emirate has recently attained notable economic growth (Wouter and Peter, 2007). It significantly depicts the current dynamic global marketplace. Organizations operating and based in Dubai Emirate have persistently being predisposed to the up surging global flaws in HRM practices and associated concerns. As a result of the increasing globalization and its consequential implications for industry and markets.Dubai has seen the growing migration of both international and national labor, declining levels of maintaining staff, higher incidences of staff turnovers, and conflicts arising amid organizational cultures at the workplace (Iqbal Anjum, 2008). Evaluating HRM practices in Dubai emirate is vital for the present study. The study area has various organizations in the public sector, which depict the resultant differences in HRM practices. The differences are often misconstrued, misunderstood, and habitually under-researched. Thereby, this research is necessary for providing novel empirical findings and inferences, especially relevant to the ability of organizations to ensure job satisfaction, thus, the resultant reduced employee turnover.Further, the present study will have both a theoretical and practical significance. It will advance the understanding and knowledge of how essential it is for public organizations in UAE, especially Dubai Emirate to retain their committed, skilled, and talented workforce. The outcomes of the study may contribute a vital component for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers. Especially, in designing strategies and aligning efforts in enhancing reduced turnover rates, organizational commitment, redesigning working conditions, and employment satisfaction amongst the workforce. Research Limitations The research will be limited to government workplaces, targeting few volunteering public organizations in Dubai Emirate. It will also be limited to investigating only the subject matter HRM practices and their influence on an organizations capacity to retain its staff. Expected Research Outcomes The research anticipates finding distinct relationships between the above-mentioned variables with employee retention. Further, it is expected that from the findings the study will make inferences and recommendations for best HRM practice, policy implications and areas for further research focus.Further, it is expected that the researchs theoretical and practice implications will describe the current state of the labor market and provide a practical benchmark to organizational managers and policy makers in the public sector. The inferences made will help these key stakeholders identify and initiate measures, which will enable the organizations workplace to avail a more pleasant experience for its employees; thereby reduce the turnover rates for these public organizations. Moreover, the outcomes are purposed to better apprise policy on such aspects as skills promotion, employee recruitment, efficient and sustainable hiring and retaining processes and eventual institutional development for the public sector. | References Abbasi, S. Hollman, K. (2016). Turnover: The Real Bottom Line.Public Personnel Management,29(3), 333-342. Abdelkarim, A. (2015).Skills and training in the UAE: The need for and the dimensions of institutional intervention. Dubai: Tanmia. Abubakar, M. (2014).Managing human resource in the Middle East: Human resource management in the United Arab Emirates. London: Taylor Francis Ltd. Ahmad, A., Halim Abdul Majid, A., Lazim Mohd Zin, M. (2015). The Measurement of the Effectiveness of Leadership Styles for Organizational Commitment in Pakistan.Asian Social Science. Al Ali, J. (2014). Emiratisation: drawing UAE nationals into their surging economy.International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,28(9/10), 365-379.

World Cup Soccer and US Essays - International Sport, FIFA, Stadium

The World Cup is a highly sought after event the world over. The sport of soccer is ultimately without doubt the number one sport recognized in the World, from major industrialized countries to third world countries on each continent. All countries industrialized or not, view the World Cup as a vital and significant event that can promote greatness through out its own country also bringing it worldwide recognition around the World. However, every country big or small must face and answer to the numerous economical, political, social, environmental variables associated with the task of holding a World Cup event. Along side all the countries vying for the opportunity to host a modern day World Cup, is the United States. Despite all of the strength and economical diversity the United States possess, one significant variable that hampers the United States in the eyes of FIFA officials is the absents of major soccer following with in the United States that even many of the less develop c ountries have . Despite some of the popularity variable flaws, which ultimately could be considered a disadvantage, the United States does support and bolster many of the invaluable necessities to be able support and produce an outstanding bid to host a future World Cup. This paper will detail the vital necessities needed by the United States such as economical standing, social significance, and environmental concerns determining the advantage or disadvantage of biding and holding a World Cup event, as well as, what common research practices are utilized in the process of research. The number of vital variables a country must meet in hosting a World Cup is significant, arguably, none more so than the impact and significance of economic ability and stability of a country. The United States has hosted its share of international events like the Olympics and Winter Olympics and World Cup events. One vast advantage that I believe the United States has over many of the other countries is the economical backbone to support these types of events that other countries may not posses. The economical feasibility of hosting or biding for the World cup is vital. The cost of bidding and staging the event must be taken into account given that staging cost include both operational and capital cost. Another major variable for economic strength is having the governmental backing and support. It is established that bids for major sporting events are deemed to have more credibility and potential to succeed with full backing and support from the government of any host nation. I believe the U.S government has an excellent track record in promoting financial guarantees, and active involvement in the promoting bid. As in the present day, the U.S government (including President Obama) and many other significant government figures are promoting the future bid for hosting the 2018 World Cup. As mention prior, the track record of government support for international events is a positive notion to consider. (HM Treasury) notes that ample consideration given to any country is deemed positive by FIFA and other sporting confederations. The realistic nature for any country is the fact that not all economic gains will be positive. The U.S is no different. The major theme of every country wanting to host a major sporting event is to ultimately boost economical growth. Many countries highlight the substantial economic benefits, in addition to the unquantifiable intangible benefits, derived from hosting a major sporting event. (HM Tres) However, research says that there is no possible way for any country, hosting any major event to be one hundred percent efficient in expected revenue generation. As mentioned, present day news release are stating that the U.S could turn a $3 billion profit for hosting a future World Cup event. By most economic view points, this is impossible. This 3 billion may be a targeted estimation but all reality economic research states that much less than this will be met. HM states, that assessing the benefits to the economy, particular attention should be given to the substitution and displac ement effects that are sometimes ignored. For the U.S, research has shown that for several of the major international sporting events the economical impact has provided long term growth in the region

Just Another Girl on the IRT Essays

Just Another Girl on the IRT Essays Just Another Girl on the IRT Paper Just Another Girl on the IRT Paper Essay Topic: Film Just Another Girl on the I. R. T portrays the life of a black teenage woman and her struggles through pregnancy. Unlike other films, such as New Jack City, Leslie Harris film presents a different perspective in which women play an active role. The film emphasizes that women are not the mere properties or possessions of male characters but show an outrageous, audacious, courageous, or willful behavior (Walker). At least during the first part of the movie, Chantel personifies this attitude perfectly. Chantel is highly energetic in character, outrageous in her clothing choices and in the slang she uses. On the subway, for instance, when a young black man tells her that he is an actor, she laughs at him in an excessive way. The man could be telling the truth, but she does not care. She is very smart, funny, cool, and even pretty, therefore she is immensely self-confident. Her attitude proves to be extremely daring and insolent. Sometimes leading to openly rude or disrespectful. For example, this audacious behavior is portrayed when Chantel is working at the gourmet delicatessen. When asked a question, Chantel answers a rich white woman in an impudent manner. She does what she wants to when she wants to, in a mixture of spontaneous outbursts of intelligence and immaturity. Chantel displays a courageous personality when she does not tell her parents about her pregnancy and goes alone to visit the gynecologist. At the end, even her friends are unaware of her hiding it. This could also be interpreted as a sign of her lack of maturity and experience: she is very tough but, when confronted with a concrete problem, Banos she becomes afraid and denies it. Despite her apparent self-confidence at the beginning of the film, her dreams start to fall apart. Her willful character is clearly visible from the fist scene. Being seventeen and amazingly smart, she wants to graduate a year early, go to college and become a doctor. Her goals are set. However, her lack of refinement and good manners gets her into trouble more than once. At school, the teacher cannot finish his History lesson because she wants to discuss AIDS instead. Because of this outburst, Chantel is sent to the principal He insists that she should behave more like a young lady and that she is not ready for college yet. Chantel tells the camera, in a close-up monologue, that she is ready and that, as she has good grades, there is nothing the principal can do. This is yet another example of Chantels willful attitude. Her goal of becoming a doctor shows her will to gain knowledge. Even though she is smart, Chantel, like her friends, is ignorant about birth control. They have a discussion on a park bench in which ridiculous ways of avoiding pregnancy are discussed. This scene is potentially a reflection on the misguided beliefs that many teenagers have. Chantels monologues through the movie constitute a technique used to directly address the audience. This adds fun and juvenile spirit to the film, in contrast with some powerful scenes, such as the birth one, add a dark aspect to the movie. It is ironic that someone with Chantels intelligence, charm, quick responses and willful power should end up participating in such unwise, self-destructive actions. In context, her reactions seem reasonable. This is how many people would react to fear and the disappearance of their dreams. This film clearly differentiates between womanism and feminism, and emphasizes the as purple is to lavender analogy.

The Devil, Part Two

The Devil, Part Two The Devil, Part Two The Devil, Part Two By Maeve Maddox A note from Stephen Thom has recalled me to a post that I wrote in May: Speak of the Devil! Maeve, I might suggest double-checking the printers devil expression. Â  It was my understanding that the term referred to the compartmentalized wooden tray that holds all the little metal letter stamps used in a printing press. Â  If that tray got tipped over and the letters spilled the printer would need hours and hours reorganizing the tray (having a devil of a time in the process). Â   This was told to me when my grade-school class trip visited a recreated colonial American village; the man working the old-time printing press told us that was where the term printers devil came from. I know from experience what a devil of a job it is to sort out pied type, i.e., moveable type that has been mixed up. I had the happy fortune to work in a letterpress print shop as an undergraduate. I wasnt allowed near the huge rotary press or the hot linotype machine, but I set type for headlines using a composing stick, and printed my own stationery on the little platen press. I was also called a devil by the elderly shop manager. It was a sad day when we got our first offset machine and saw the beginning of the end. The compartmentalized wooden tray is called a type case. Theres an upper case that holds the capital letters, and a lower case that holds the small letters. Yep, thats where we get the terms uppercase and lowercase. The small letters are placed in the lower case because theyre the ones most used and the lower case is easier to reach. One of my least favorite jobs was going through the compartments looking for pied type. The etymology for printers devil offered by the man in the colonial village is one Ive not been able to find in any printed reference Ive consulted. Heres the entry in Brewers Dictionary of Phrase Fable: A printers devil. A printers message boy; formerly, the boy who took the printed sheets from the tympan of the press. Moxon says (1683): They do commonly so black and bedaub themselves that the workmen do jocosely call them devils. One of my favorite reference books is an 1898 edition of Brewers The Readers Handbook that I acquired years ago in England. This fat little red book is now broken in two from the use its had from me. I learned only recently that the erudite old gentleman also produced a Dictionary of Phrase Fable that first appeared in 1870. The 80 or so devil references in my library copy of the Dictionarys eighth edition cover four closely-printed two-column pages. The devil only knows how many more devil expressions are in the seventeenth edition that I just ordered for myself. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to KnowAnyone vs. EveryoneAffect vs. Effect

Restriction of Media Coverage during Wars Essay

Restriction of Media Coverage during Wars - Essay Example The objective of the newspapers limited access is to confirm that journalists spread reports that have only achievement tales and at the same time bypass graphic tales of huge death on the front line that might sway masses attitude harmfully. Another foremost cause was to bypass describing perceptive data that might threaten inhabits of armies on the front line.   Mediating Role of the Media In the overhead unfastening extract, Taylor ascertained the function of the newspapers in endowing the general masses to "take a front chair at the producing of archives on the shirt-tails of journalism" (p.99). The masses, thus, become history's observers - albeit digressive participants - through the newspapers with their stories. Taylor furthermore distinguishes tales from two assemblies of journalists: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tones who are at the front line, encompassing a focused occupation - conflict correspondents - experiencing anything is taking location in the front line for exa mple dodgy methods taking place there and unchanging interaction with the equipped forces. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   News analysts and columnists who through comprehensive investigation of the new stories from the area, complemented with outlooks from political establishment, as well as the masses attitude at home. These journalists manage not have direct know-how at the front line but, as we will glimpse subsequently, they have a large-scale function to play in a position of tough newspapers get access to limits in the conflict area.-- This significant function of mediating data to the masses is leveraged by several components that furthermore sway value to data that comes to the masses. These components encompass the following: -  Ã‚   Journalists are... Prior to the last century accounts from the front lines came from the so-called area agents who were a component of the infantry personnel. They made accounts for mastication as an authorized documentation about happenings taking place at the front line. Nevertheless, these accounts were typically intended for government misinformation other than conceived as data for masses use. Moreover, in their hard work to maintain masses support for the conflict effort, authorities have since the World War 1 conceived organizations that would likely maneuver newspapers accounts coming to the masses from the front line. They have furthermore made certain that the refuted journalists get access to the assault localities that were distinguished by pictures of wounds, damages, and fatalities. nonetheless, the statement that if the masses are given the full image of the conflict position on the front line they will stop to support conflict effort is a myth because occasionally the masses carry the c onflict in the triumphant nations regardless of critical damages, post-battle deficiency, and other repercussions. The manipulation schemes encompass well-designed authorized misinformation appliance in an effort to restructure the expanse amid the front line and the masses.

Cultural Event Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Cultural Event Report - Essay Example Among the attendees were myself and five of my friends. All cell phones were to have been switched off completely as even video and music recordings were both proscribed. People were supposed to have dressed up, since the festival was a nocturnal show. Upon attending the festival themed Power of Our Voice, our group’s initial reaction was that of excitement and amazement, as different performing artistes graced the stage. Among the many performances that graced the occasion, Aretha Franklin and D’Angelo’s performances remained the most appealing. Aretha Franklin’s performance was central in the festival, as it remained present from the onset of the show, right to the four-day festival’s closing night. Franklin sang the famous song I have Never Loved a Man, much to the delight of the mammoth crowd. The song presented Franklin with the power to showcase her gift in working out her vocals. As she sang, slideshows were screened to help the fans sing along. However, technical glitches and the garbling of sound mixes accompanied the show as minor hitches. At the same time, a greater part of the audience felt shortchanged by the fact that Franklin’s greatest hit, Respect was not featured during the festival. While many cited oversight, others thought that lack of adequate time had precipitated this mishap (Rothman, 1). Nevertheless, the spirit of discontentment among the fans drowned in the sea of glee as Franklin eventually changed into her gold-accented caftan costume. As the stage lights finally came alive upon her, her regal carriage became outstanding and made her maintain her centrality in the stage. Because of Franklin’s astounding performance in this music festival, Franklin became the first person to receive the Power Award, because of her contributions to the world of music. In this festival, D’Angelo attempted to recapture his streak as the soul and R&B

Pablo Casals Essay Example for Free

Pablo Casals Essay Pablo Casals, one of the most recognizable cellists in history, was born December 29, 1876. His career was unsurpassed by any other cellist during the first half of the twentieth century. He is known for the multiple recordings throughout his career which included solo, chamber, and orchestral music, as well as recordings while conducting. For most cellists his most notable accomplishment was his recordings of the incomparable Bach Cello Suites which were recorded from 1936 to 1939. His early years in his native Catalonia, Spain were spent being educated in music by his father who was a parish organist and choirmaster. As would be clearly seen in his later years, his understanding of music was amazing. Today his master classes on the cello are available for cellists to observe on YouTube. His ability to demonstrate proper tempo and rhythm as well as the use of dynamics is still a benefit even in the age of famous cellist, YoYo Ma His father’s techniques included he and his brother listening to, and name notes on the piano by ear. Although his father’s methods may have seemed extreme, they served only to further young Pablo’s musical ability. By the age of four he was playing the flute, piano and violin and by age six was proficient enough to perform a public solo on the violin. It is amazing to know that his first exposure to any cello like instrument was that of a street performer that had been fashioned from a broom handle! His first personal experience with the cello was much like my own. At fourteen I asked for a cello and was allowed by my father to borrow a very broken down cello. Casals was given an instrument made from a gourd by his father as his first cello. When he was eleven he heard some travelling performers and saw a real cello for the first time. After that, the cello was his instrument of choice. Although I play other instruments, as Casals did, it was hard to deny that I wanted to be known as â€Å"a cellist†! The Cello Suites composed by J. S. Bach were discovered by Casals in 1890 in a second hand music store. He was thirteen at the time and spent the next thirteen years practicing and perfecting them and then finally performing them in public. He graduated with honors from Escola Municipal de Musica in Barcelona, having made impressive progress, at age nineteen. His professional career began when he moved to Paris in 1895 and played second cello in a theater orchestra. In 1895 he returned home to Catalonia and was appointed to the faculty of his own Escola Municipal de Musica. He was also made principal cellist in the orchestra of Barcelonas opera house, the Liceu and in 1897 he performed as soloist with the Madrid Symphony Orchestra, and was awarded the Order of Carlos III from the Queen of Spain. His later career found him conducting master classes, as mentioned earlier, throughout the world. Some of the master classes were actually televised in the 1960’s and are still available for budding cellists. It was at this point in his career that he created unique versions of the six Brandenburg Concerti. To add this to his already amazing recordings of the Bach Suites truly showed the depth of his musical abilities! In addition to performing remarkable renditions of famous pieces he was a wonderful composer in his own right. One of his most notable works was La Sardena, composed for a cello ensemble. The completion of his composing career was a piece titled â€Å"Hymne of the United Nations† which he performed in 1971, at a special event, for the United Nations shortly before his 95th birthday. Looking back with appreciation to a man who died many years before I was born, I am humbled by his talent and personality. He had the opportunity to perform before queens, presidents and dignitaries. His performances took him around the globe and his influence is felt to this day. His unique recordings and master classes continue to inspire and delight cellists and cello music lovers alike. In 1963 the world lost PabIo Casals at the age of 96 while residing in Puero Rico where he was buried. I am happy to say that I have been fortunate enough to observe a number of his master classes and hear recordings done almost a century ago that have stood the test of time.

Anorexia :: essays research papers fc

Anorexia nervosa is an illness that can control the mind. Anorexia nervosa is an illness that usually occurs in teenage girls, but it can also occur in teenage boys as well as adult women and men. People with the disease anorexia are obsessed with being thin. They lose weight excessively and are terrified of gaining weight. They believe they are fat even though in reality they are not fat at all; in fact they are very thin. Anorexia is not just a problem with food or weight. It is an attempt to use food and weight to deal with emotional problems they have with in them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people confuse anorexia nervosa with bulimia. People with anorexia starve themselves, avoid high calorie foods, and exercise constantly. People with bulimia eat huge amounts of food, but they throw up soon after eating, or take laxatives or diuretics to keep from gaining weight. People with bulimia do not usually lose as much weight as people with anorexia. Not to say that bulimia is not as harmful to a person as anorexia is, but anorexia is a disease that attacks the body and mind more than bulimia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason that some people get anorexia is unknown. People with anorexia may believe that they would be happier and more successful if they were thin. They want everything in their lives to be perfect including being thin because that is what society portrays the successful to be. People who suffer from this disorder are usually good students. They usually are all involved in many school and community activities. They blame themselves if they do not get perfect grades, or if other things in life are not perfect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Girls that suffer from anorexia usually stop having menstrual periods. People with anorexia also have dry skin and thinning hair on their heads. They may have a growth of fine hair all over their body. They may feel cold all the time, and they may get sick quit often. People with anorexia are often in a bad mood. They have a hard time concentrating and are always thinking about food. It is not true that anorexics are never hungry, actually they are always hungry. Feeling hunger gives them a feeling of control over their lives and their bodies. It makes them feel like they are good at something; they are good at losing weight. People with severe anorexia may be at risk of death from starvation.

James Watt Biography

James Watt is one of the most acclaimed personalities in physics. His work became a helpful contribution during the Industrial Revolution, which later became the bedrock of innovation in machineries. He is popularly accredited for his invention of the steam engine. In fact he modified the engine of Thomas Newcomen to the extent that it became a practical, efficient machine capable of application to a variety of industrial tasks. Watt's engine focused on the conversion of heat to mechanical work. It helped improve the understanding on the efficiency of heat engines which led to the development of the field of physics called thermodynamics. http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/James_Watt) James Watt was born in Greenock, Scotland on January 19, 1736 to a chandler and joiner. Throughout his life he suffered serious attacks of migraines and toothaches,and at school both his peers and teachers took a poor view of this weakness. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) He was a thin and weakly child. At grammar school, he fell in love with mathematics, but the recurrent attacks of migraine led him to stop going to school, so he devoted his time working in his father's workshop instead. Watt felt happy with working in his father's workshop so much that he did not go back to school. Watt learned carpentry from his father. His father primarily worked in shipbuilding and he taught Watt on how to build ships and crafts. Soon, Watt developed great skill in ship navigation, quadrants, telescopes, and compasses, and by his mid-teens he wanted to become an instrument maker. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) His father was supportive of him. Unfortunately, there was no opportunity for Watt to train in making instruments in Greenock because there were no instrument-makers there, so on advice, Watt went to Glasgow, Scotland in 1754, in an attempt to become an apprentice in instrument making. In Glasgow, he worked with an optician and worked as an odd-job man for a year. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) In Glasgow, Watt became acquainted with a scientist named Robert Dick. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Robert Dick, a university scientist, was impressed with Watt's basic skills and knowledge in instrument making that he advised Watt to further hone his skills in this trade in London. In London, Watt discovered that he could not get an apprenticeship because the instrument makers protected their trade by rules of a body known as the Worshipful Company of Clock-makers. The only employment was for fully-trained instrument makers or trainees serving seven-year apprenticeships. Eventually, he was able to secure a position through unusual conditions. John Morgan, an instrument maker in London, set aside the rules and took him in to be his apprentice on the condition that Watt would be given only a meager salary. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) With John Morgan, Watt learned the skills of instrument-making. John Morgan was impressed with Watt that he agreed to shorten the period of apprenticeship from the required period of seven-years to a period of one year. Watt took the offer in 1755. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Watt worked with vigor and passion. He was so devoted with his goal to be an instument-maker that he spent much of his time working and learning the art of instrument-making. During the period of his apprenticeship with John Morgan, Watt was able to surpass the skills of the official apprentice who was already working there for two years. He was so dedicated with his job that he worked 10 hours a day. After hours, he worked for a small amount of cash because the wage he received as an apprentice was not enough. Porter, Ogilve, 2000) Watt's health deteriorated because he spent long hours working with only a small amount of food. During this time, Britain was at war with France, and the military would force into service any able-bodied men. Watt avoided the streets for this reason and this contributed to the further deterioration of his health. Yet he persevered and was able to finish his apprentice ship until illness forced him to return to Greenock in 1756. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) After recovery, he set up a business as an instrument maker in Glasgow, but found that the other instrument makers shunned his credentials and training. However, the university professors recognized his abilities and encouraged him to work in the university. They agreed for Watt to set up a shop within its grounds and they created the position, â€Å"Mathematical Instrument Maker to the University. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) In 1757, he worked in Glasgow University where he proudly described himself as â€Å"Instrument Maker to Glasgow University. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) It was in this period that he developed the steam engine. During the Industrial Revolution in the years 1760 to 1830, the economy of most part of Europe changed and the progress of developing technology accelerated. Technology was at the core of everything. The period was overflowing with engineers, mechanics, millwrights, and dexterous and imaginative tinkers who spent their time and energy designing better pumps, pulleys, pendulums, and other simple machines. It was at this time that the most famous invention during the Industrial Revolution was invented: the steam engine. (http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/James_Watt) The first steam engine prototype was built by a Frenchman named Denis Papin, but the first useful atmospheric steam engine was built in 1712 by a Cornish mechanic named Thomas Newcomen. Newcomen's invention was used in Britain for almost half a century. The machine, however, was noisy and it used too much fuel. (www. us. oup. com/us/pdf/economic. history/industrial. pdf) One day in 1763, Professor John Anderson, a professor in the university, approached James Watt and showed him a lab-scale model of the Newcomen pump to investigate why the model required so much steam. The model would stall after a few pumps. The machine proved to be temperamental and difficult to operate without air entering the cylinder and destroying the vacuum. He required Watt to repair the engine. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Watt set on to investigate the problem. He discovered that the flaw was due to an undersized boiler that could not provide enough steam to reheat the cylinder after a few strokes. Aside from that, the Newcomen engine was inefficient, slow, and too costly. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) The Newcomen pumps required such vast quantities of steam since they were cooled during every stroke, then reheated. The steam in the cylinder was condensed by a jet of water, thus creating a vacuum that, in turn, was filled during the power stroke by the atmosphere pressing the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. On each stroke the cylinder was heated by the steam and cooled by the injected water, thus absorbing a tremendous amount of heat. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) Watt needed a way to condense the steam without cooling the cylinder. The idea did not come to him overnight, it took him months to arrange his plans and to experiment. However, it was during one of his Sunday afternoon walks when the inspiration got to him. Watt later described the moment of inspiration: â€Å"I had gone to take a walk on a fine Sabbath afternoon, early in 1765. I had entered the green by the gate at the foot of Charlotte Street and had passed the old washing-house. I was thinking upon the engine at the time, and had gone as far as the herd's house, when the idea came into my mind that as steam was an elastic body it would rush into a vacuum, and if a communication were made between the cylinder and an exhausted vessel it would rush into it, and might be there condensed without cooling the cylinder. I then saw that I must get rid of the condensed steam and injection-water if I used a jet as in Newcomen's engine. Two ways of doing this occurred to me. First, the water might be run off by a descending pipe, if an offlet could be got at the depth of thirty-five or thirty-six feet, and any air might be extracted by a small pump. The second was to make the pump large enough to extract both water and air. . . . I had not walked farther than the golf-house when the whole thing was arranged in my mind. † (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Watt was able to solve the problem of the Newcomen engine. He made a separate condenser, with this, he could keep the cylinder hot, and the condenser fairly cold by lagging, thus improving the thermal efficiency of the machine and the economics of its operation. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) He introduced a number of famous improvements to the steam engine until he was able to effectively make a different model, such as a separate condenser, the principle of double-acting expansion, improved gears, and regulators. Watt turned steam power from an atmospheric pump to a true steam engine. www. us. oup. com/us/pdf/economic. history/industrial. pdf) Watt's University friends introduced him to John Roebuck, an industrialist who held leases on coal deposits. Roebuck agreed to back the development of a full-scale engine after he saw the model work. He would finance the development of the engine. Watt developed a full-scale model which Roebuck used in his coal mine. However, the progress in developi ng the engine was slow because Roebuck did not employ machinists who were competent enough to do the job. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) In 1767, Watt traveled to England to acquire a patent for his engine with his Roebuck. The patent was granted in 1769. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) On his way to Scotland, he met Matthew Boulton. Boulton was a major manufacturer in Birmingham and had the financial capacity to exploit Watt's engine. Eventually, Boulton was able to buy out Roebuck and he began manufacturing the engine. Meanwhile, Watt moved to Birmingham and made his living as a canal surveyor from 1767 and 1774. Although he was successful at this, his health suffered, and so he joined Boulton in his shop. Porter, Ogilve, 2000) From 1775, Boulton and Watt formed a partnership. Boulton manufactured Watt's engines at the Soho Foundry, near Birmingham. Boulton hired highly skilled craftsmen who helped them develop the engine. They called the engine, Boulton-Watt engine. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) The engine was then used in mines. The Boulton-Watt engines becam e a success. Pumps were installed in mines and Watt became busy maintaining business at Cornwall mines. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Over the next several years, Watt introduced further improvements on the design until it became more efficient than its predecessor. He developed a double acting engine. At age 45, Watt developed his next great invention. The invention was the sun and planet gear system. By means of a mechanical linkage known as the ‘parallel motion' and an extra set of valves, the engine was made to drive on both the forward and the background strokes of the piston, and the sun and planet gear system permitted the rotative wheel to turn more than once per stroke of the piston This engine was quickly used by cotton and wooden mills. http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) He was able to acquire the patents of the double-acting engine and the sun and planet gear system in 1781 and 1782. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Between 1775 and 1790, Watt made other inventions. He invented an automatic centrifugal governor, which cut off the steam when the engi ne began to work too quickly and turned it on again when it had slowed sufficiently. He also devised the steam indicator which shows the steam pressure and degree of vacuum within a cylinder. He also invented a way of copying letters and drawings. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) In 1782 a sawmill ordered an engine that was to replace 12 horses. In determining the price of his steam engines, Watt rated his engines in horsepower. After many experiments, he concluded that a horsepower was equivalent to 15,000kg/33,000 lb raised through 0. 3m/ft each minute. This method of describing the capability of the engine continued until recent years. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) In 1785, Watt was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. During the last decade of the 18th century, the active management of the Soho Works was taken over by Boulton and Watt's sons, and in 1800, when the patent rights to the engine expired, Watt retired from the business but he continued designing and constructing copying machines. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) Watt died on August 25, 1819 at the age of 83, leaving the legacy of highly useful machines. His original steam engine of 1765 is now in the Science Musem in London. His name has become immortalized as the unit of power; a watt is one joule per second, and one horsepower is equivalent to about 746 watts. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) References Porter, Roy, Marilyn Ogilvie as consultant editors (2000) The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists 3rd Edition, New York: Oxford University Press http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/James_Watt http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html www.us.oup.com/us/pdf/economic.history/industrial.pdf

Religion and Morality Essay

(i)Examine the views of scholars concerning the idea that religion and morality are linked. In this essay I am going to be looking at all the different view points on why some people may think religion and morality are linked. I will talk about a few things that link them such as conscience, divine command ethics, Kant’s view and Aquinas’ view. Many people believe that morality is based upon religion and the rules written in the Bible and other holy books, although some say that religion is completely opposed to morality and it is wrong to mix the two. Some scholars believe there are three views on the relationship between religion and morality, one of them being that morality depends on religion. Religious leaders are expected to have extremely high standards of morality, R. B Braithwaite believes so, he states that ‘to be religious and to make religious claims is to be committed to a set of moral values’. Much religious language is the language of morality, and as we have seen religious believers have committed themselves to particular ways of behaving. Aquinas’ believed that if God exists morality exists and that God made humans only his image, ‘when we are good, we are reflecting God’s image’. He also believed that goodness on earth reflects on God’s morally good perfection, so because God made us based on his image, when we are good we are reflecting on his ‘perfect’ image. However Kant’s view is the opposite to this, he believed that if morality exists God must exist and that the highest of good is perfection, although no one is perfect, which means no one can be as good or great as God because he has this perfect image, and no one is perfect therefore cannot live up to those expectations. Kant’s argument was that for the existence of God based on the existence of morality: There must be a holy author of the world who makes possible the highest goods. Some people believe in Divine Command Ethics because they think that God’s authority is absolute and final, and that human reason has no authority. God tells us how to live, obedience is commanded. Disobedience to the word of God is a sin. He also thinks that the existence of God is necessary for the summum borum (which is the highest for of good) to be achieved, and that the summum borum is not achievable in this life, therefore the existence of God is necessary for the goal of morality to be realized. Another is that morality is independent of religion. Freud believed the conscience is a moral policeman. The internalized super-ego that controls and socializes human moral behavior. Capable of doing much damage to our mental health. Some people believe conscience has no supernatural origin, it is the product of how people are brought up. Parents and teachers, teach us right and wrong and we are effected by the environment we are brought up in. Everyone’s conscience is different depending on what they were taught and how they were raised and children, meaning they believe different things, and have different view points. Religion and morality is also linked by religious influences on moral matters. For example, a US abortion rights group have angered some conservative Christian groups by selling condom key rings that have a picture of Michelangelo’s Sistine chapel, with God handing Adam a condom. The president of the Christian group said ‘this does nothing to deal with the horrific promiscuity rate we have among teenagers. We believe the real approach particularly to the young people that this is targeted at is abstinence before marriage’. Another example is that CARE lobby for a reduction in the time limit for legal abortions, to 18 weeks, and against the growing swell of public opinion in favor of legalizing assisted suicide. Existentialists may argue without God morality is meaningless and ‘everything is permitted’. If this is true God is the guardian of morality. Without God moral chaos or anarchy would ensue. Some other reasons why people say that religion and morality are linked is that: Moral codes are derived from religion. Moral opinions are judged against religious teachings. Even secular society adopts or is influenced by religious moral teachings, for example, it seeks guidance from religious leaders in moral matters such as genetic engineering/abortion. In conclusion the strongest view to me is Social Conditioning, in which morality is independent of religion. I believe that peoples morality comes from the environment that they are brought up in, and the people around them such as parents and teachers. From a very young age we are taught what is right and wrong, and grow up respecting the law and people around us more than God. (ii)Comment on the view that religion and morality are not linked. Euthyphro’s Dilemma was that the problem of whether something is good because God commands it, or does God command that which is good. ‘Do that God’s love that which is holy, or is it holy because it is loved by the God’s’ – Plato. Almost all Christians will say something is good because God says so, his commands must be obeyed. A Christian’s dilemma is that either good is a whim or good is something that dictates to God. So if a Christian interprets that it is God’s will to murder, they think they are justified because it is God’s choice. A. C Grayling believes that religious morality is irrelevant to modern society because what people value has changed. He thinks that modern morality includes a great concern for human rights, animal welfare and the environment, not because of God but because of the instrumental value to themselves. Nietzsche has a view that Christianity is a disease on humanity and that morality is also a disease that imposes limits on human freedom. ‘Belief in God encourages ‘slave morality†. He believes that feelings of guilt, shame and remorse are forced upon us from the churches, and that we are made to feel bad for fulfilling our desires. ‘If more people believed in God there would be less immorality’ – R. A Sharpe believed this to be a misconception. He believes this because some churches teach that God hates homosexuals, or that contraception is wrong. A secular ethicist could argue that people are more likely to be morally responsible if God does not exist. If there is no afterlife then we should behave in this life as there will be no reward or punishment at the end, life is short, treat people well. I believe religion and morality are separate, being strong in one doesn’t make you strong in the other. I myself know not to murder someone, not because of a fear of God or that the Bible told me not to, but because I have been brought up to know it is wrong and against the law, and I do not wish to end up in prison. Although I don’t think it is the fear of punishment, it’s just in my heart not to want to hurt someone, not just my conscience and upbringing teaching me not too. People who claim that religion is their morality are basically saying that without the fear of going to hell they would have no motivation to follow the morals. R. A Sharpe believed that ‘If more people believed in God there would be less immorality’ is a misconception because he doesn’t believe that all Christian’s have the right morals. Another argument would be what if the divine changes his mind.. If God said that murdering children was the right thing to do, would it be?

Ernest Hemingway and his significance of landscapes, from The Complete Short Stories.

Ernest Hemingway and his significance of landscapes, from The Complete Short Stories. This essay was written about the significance of landscape using his "Big Two Hearted River" and "Hills Like White Elephants."The Significance of LandscapeHemingway uses landscape to reflect his characters emotions and also as a secondary character in his stories. Two good examples of this are Hemingway's "Big Two Hearted River" and "Hills Like White Elephants."In "Big Two Hearted River," Nick was the only human character but the scenery definitely played a huge role. In the beginning of the story Hemingway describes an old town that had been burnt to ashes. "There was no town, nothing but the rails and the burned over country." (pg. 163) Leaving you with a sense of loneliness and despair, Hemingway uses this scenery to paint a picture of not only how the town looked but how the character must have felt. Throughout his hike toward the country, away from the burnt over town, the scenery had started to change and so did the mood.English: Hemingway posing for a dust jacket photo ..."The re was nothing but the pine plain ahead of him, until the far blue hills that marked the Lake Superior height of land." (pg. 164) Using the pine plain, and the blue hills to describe what's ahead, gives you a sense of relief, like there's a light at the end of the tunnel.Hemingway's use of old verses new allows you to feel a sense that when ever something dies, something is born, or when ever there is an end, there must be a new beginning. Hemingway describes the river and the woods as being the image of everything that is unblemished and whole. The closer he gets to the river, the closer to he gets to the serenity he had been searching for. "He sat on the...

Maos Hundred Flowers Campaign in China

Mao's Hundred Flowers Campaign in China In late 1956, just seven years after the Red Army prevailed in Chinas Civil War, Chairman of the Communist Party Mao Zedong announced that the government wanted to hear citizens true opinions about the regime. He  sought to promote the development of a new Chinese culture, and said in a speech that Criticism of the bureaucracy is pushing the government towards the better. This was a shock to the Chinese people since the Communist Party had always previously cracked down on any citizen bold enough to criticize the party or its officials. The Liberalization Movement Mao named this liberalization movement the Hundred Flowers Campaign, after a traditional poem: Let a hundred flowers bloom/Let a hundred schools of thought contend. Despite, the Chairmans urging, however, the response among the Chinese people was muted. They did not truly believe that they could criticize the government without repercussions. Premier Zhou Enlai had received only a handful of letters from prominent intellectuals,  containing very minor and cautious critiques of the government. By the spring of 1957, communist officials changed their tone.  Mao announced that criticism of the government was not just allowed but preferred, and began to directly pressure some leading intellectuals to send in their constructive criticism. Reassured that the government truly wanted to hear the truth, by May and early June  of that year,  university professors and other scholars were sending in millions of letters containing increasingly assertive suggestions and criticisms.  Students and other citizens also held criticism meetings and rallies, put up posters, and published articles in magazines calling for reform. Lack of Intellectual Freedom Among the issues targeted by the people during the Hundred Flowers Campaign were the lack of intellectual freedom, the harshness of previous crack-downs on  opposition leaders,  the close adherence to Soviet ideas, and the much higher standard of living enjoyed by Party leaders versus the ordinary citizens.  This flood of vociferous criticism seems to have taken Mao and Zhou by surprise. Mao, in particular, saw it as a threat to the regime; he felt that the opinions being voiced were no longer constructive criticism, but were harmful and uncontrollable. Halt to the Campaign On June 8, 1957, Chairman Mao called a halt to the Hundred Flowers Campaign.  He announced that it was time to pluck the poisonous weeds from the bed of flowers. Hundreds of intellectuals and students were rounded up, including pro-democracy activists Luo Longqi and Zhang Bojun, and were forced to publicly confess that they had organized a secret conspiracy against socialism. The crackdown sent hundreds of leading Chinese thinkers to labor camps for re-education or to prison. The brief experiment with freedom of speech was  over. The Debate Historians continue to debate whether Mao genuinely wanted to hear suggestions on governance, in the beginning, or whether the Hundred Flowers Campaign was a trap all along.  Certainly, Mao had been shocked and appalled by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchevs speech, publicized on March 18, 1956, in which Khrushchev denounced former Soviet leader Joseph Stalin for building a cult of personality, and ruling through suspicion, fear, and terror. Mao may have wanted to gauge whether intellectuals in his own country viewed him the same way. It is also possible, however, that Mao and more particularly Zhou were truly seeking new  paths for developing Chinas culture and arts under the communist model. Whatever the case, in the aftermath of the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Mao stated that he had flushed the snakes out of their caves.  The rest of 1957 was devoted to an Anti-Rightest Campaign, in which the government ruthlessly crushed all dissent.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 38

Marketing - Essay Example In this regard, the questions that need answers for successful marketing educational products include: The market is diverse and dynamic, and so would be the products offered in that market (Pride & Ferrell, 2012). Product customization might highly be necessary, owing to the various modes and programs of teaching and learning employed by different teachers, learners and schools. For a start, competitors may be lacking, but with successful business establishment, they are likely to emerge. The market is also subject to changing variables due to reforms and improvements undertaken in the education sector from time to time. Marketing products to married couples who have no children would have to account for individual couple’s tastes and preferences. The situation is different when it comes to couples with children, or even empty-nester couples. For a married couple with no children, likely products to be marketed to them include family life products, gifts and kids’ products in the anticipation of children. This couple’s buying decisions are guided by future expectations and plans for a bigger family. For this couple, it is likely that expenditure exacerbates as savings decline. On the other hand, the empty-nester couple’s buying decisions are less influenced by family size, but are guided by savings rather than

Argumentative Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Argumentative - Article Example Moreover, the rise of sites has ensured that they work in countless ways such as chatting, breaking news, following events such as elections, and expressing different forms of humor. Moreover, the media have also helped people keep up with friends or colleagues and contribution to online debates (ITU 1). On the other hand, the sites have led to transformation of online user’s behavior. In fact, most of people have been spending their time in these sites usually Facebook and Twitter. Consequently, it has led to the exposure of many people private lives, and this is seen as an acceptable behavior and etiquette for the users (ITU 1). The number of users is expected to increase significantly in the near future. In 2009, there were close to a billion users of social networks worldwide (ITU 1). Consequently, these sites continue to impact on society positively and negatively. The use of social media such as Facebook should be controlled as it affects the student’s performance , leads to cyber bullying in schools, escalation of violence behavior, poor health and concentration in class, and poor social life. Negative Impact of Social media on Education Education is vital for the success of any individual especially the teenagers. Currently, the number of teenagers using social sites such as Facebook has been on the rise. Moreover, teenagers show most in interest for using social sites. As a result, learning is affected in a significant way. A research that was done showed that over 90% of college students use social sites (Tariq, Mehboob, Khan and Ullah 409). On the other hand, technology has shown much progress especially with the development of devices that have made it possible for most people to access social sites anytime and anywhere. Some of these devices include smart phones, computers, laptops, and simple mobile phones (Tariq et al 490). Consequently, students have been able to access the social sites while still in school. However, technology can be an excellent innovation, but it is dangerous when it provides ease of accessing social sites for social network addict. In fact, easy access to social sites provides many opportunities for development of addiction especially for students that suffer from social isolation (Tariq et al 409). First, social media such as Facebook diverts the attention of students. The effects are that concentration of students is diverted to non-productive activities such as chatting, time killing by random searching and failure to fulfill schools undertaking (Tariq et al 409). The distraction occurs due to various programs available in social sites. Some of these programs include gaming and advertisements. As a result, it leads to endless venture of the students in the sites, as programs available in social sites never satisfy (Tariq et al 409). The addicts become delinquent parents, friends, and other associated people as they lack a sense of upcoming future and competition in their careers (Tariq et al 409). A study carried out showed that high school and college students kept on checking Facebook after every fifteen minutes (American Psychological Association (APA) 1). The outcome was an achievement of inferior rank in the class. Moreover, social sites use different features that divert the attention of the students as they multitask. This occurs due to an increasing number of

Compare and Contrast (Society) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and Contrast (Society) - Essay Example She advocates for individual satisfaction in a marriage rather than sticking in a marriage for a lifetime because it is what society requires. Slater on the other hand, analyses the consequence of self esteem and its effects on a human being. She examines the distinctiveness of people with high and low self esteem. Society norms in both cases are predictable and easily determined. As Kipsin says when one is married they are expected to exercise obedience, compromise and stay as a couple for a lifetime. She argues that such an expectation from society in the modern world is somehow unrealistic. She argues that modern love maximizes on submission and minimizes freedom. She feels that a marriage should be build on freedom and wanting more (755). She feels that marriage is like having a soldier watching over someone all the time. To her traditional societies allowed household dictators and petty tyrants in the private sphere of a family. She believes that love should be subjected to othe r forms of emotional life than subjugation. To her, a marriage necessitates a sophisticated working acquaintance of the intricacies of mutuality (752). Mutuality according to Kipsin id to recognize your partners need and strive to fulfill them. She further says one should meet these needs to the satisfaction of your partner such that you become their desire thus attaining intimacy. She argues that mutuality requires communication so that your partner can understand your needs, desires and even sensitivities. She contradicts these with traditional societies where marriage was considered a business enterprise between families. Partners who hardly knew each other get married not because of their mutual interests but because of family interests. Thus, she argues these relationships were not based on love thus expecting them to last a lifetime in unreasonable. She argues that the main thing is for one to be happy and if society if a marriage is not working one should leave. She says that one cannot be tied in an unhappy union when she can be happily on her own. Society tends to judge people who are separated or divorced as ill-behaved, but she says this should not be the case thus should be avoided. In addition, she says that one should not be seen as lacking character because she is alone but be given their space. She beholds individualism something that society is against. Society always works as a collective unit where all are inclusive. That is why if one is not married, they begin to question. According to Slater, self esteem is a challenge to many American people. She uses research works by scientists like Baumeister and Emler to analogize her views. She argues that self admiration is crucial in the pursuit of contentment. She says that self esteem is not the maim reason why people feel good about themselves but how they relate with others. She uses research work done to analyze high and low self-esteem. She adds that low self esteem is not a dangerous aspect of life. Low self esteem is not the cause of poor academic performance since people with low self esteem tend to do well in life like others and even do better because they try harder (859). In discussing her views, Kipsins encounters several challenges that sway from society expectations. Marriage is a respectable institution in society and to gather the courage to argue about it is difficult. Kipsin boldly tackles marriage

Changes In The Roles And Responsibilities Of Nurses

Changes In The Roles And Responsibilities Of Nurses Nursing staff have seen their roles and responsibilities change considerably within the modernisation of the NHS, but is this a good thing? There are some big changes in the nursing field in the last 50 years such as, uniform, salaries, job demand, the roles of nurses, the different roles for men and women nurses, the technology used, Litigation and Documentation, Holistic Care and patient load. Nurses are becoming more popular and demanding in all sorts of different working environments such as, working in nursing homes, hospitals, home help, travel nurse, school nurse and more. Years ago, nurses were seen just as little more than helpers or assistants for doctors. Today in 2010, nurses are health care professionals in their own right. They are bright, capable, and often have a clearer picture of the overall situation than the doctors they work alongside with. Nursing has not only changed on the face of it but the background work of a nurse has changed to, for example the education given to nurses, the scope of policies and practice, the structures of nurses and the principles of the care of the patient. People are lead to believe that the modernisation of the NHS will be beneficial to the care of the patient, but is this really the case? Due to the increasingly shortage of nurses, they have learned to be more independent which is an outstanding way to increase skills and keep up to date with the new trends in health care. As well as nursing changing, health care in general has changed too. Within the modernisation of the NHS and nursing the care of the patients is still the everlasting goal. This means that there is more work for the nurses, which then has a knock on affect leading to less satisfaction of patient care. Although the NHS and government are doing their best to modernize nursing with the patients interests are heart, it seems like there is less time for care due to time, but more time for paperwork. The Department of Health has laid down certain policy initiatives, targets and structural and organizational changes that can improve the quality of care received by patients through the NHS. These changes are emphasized along with the need for multi-agency and multi-organizational collaborative working acros s disciplinary boundaries. The four key interfaces for which collaboration and coordination measures are being suggested are health and social care; general medical and community health services; primary and secondary care; and interface with carers (DoH, 1996). The education of nurses now days are a lot more intense and harder than it was 10 years ago. Over the last 10 years, there has been a gradual shift for the education and training of nurses. Currently all nurses have to be trained to a degree university level before they can practice as a fully qualified nurse. Opportunities for nurses have increased by large, with one training opportunity being through the internet although this method of training has to be approved by the NHS. On the other hand, years ago nurses only had to have a diploma or LPNS. Now days all nurses have to attend and complete continuing education courses to keep up to date with the new trends and information used in the current day. In addition to the higher and more advanced education, which nurses now have to have, there comes an increases scope of practice. In the current worlds, nurses are doing more and going places that in the past they would not be allowed to have done. The scope of practice is an expression used for various professions that define the procedures, actions, and processes that are allowed to be used and practiced. In the health care profession, there are many different jobs with very different defined scope of practice laws and regulations. These include nursing, social workers, speech and language pathology,  audiologists,  training, radiography,  nuclear medicine, dentists, surgeons, paramedics, physicians and many more. In the interest of the patients, it is a good thing that nurses are allowed to do more and more as there are more doctors than nurses, so the patients may be seen quicker, but on the other hand, it is not a good thing as nurses are doing more and maybe caring for th e patient need and wished less. Nowadays in hospitals, the wards are not gender mixed although the nurses are gender mixed between wards. The stereotypical roles of a nurse have change a lot since the 1990s. There are more male nurses but still not enough. However although there are still not enough male nurses, the female domination of nurses is slowly decreasing and now more men are entering the caring profession. For patients the more male nurses is a good thing because some patients i.e. men prefer to be treated by a man. For example, a man may like to be washed by a man and not a woman for dignity reasons. In addition, for years, the majority of nursing was thought of as a female profession but every year more and more males are joining the nursing profession. Nowadays being a male nurse does not have a stigma attached to it and is now seen as a very good career. The demand of nurses now in 2010 is by large massive. The NHS is always asking for more nurses. When the baby boom started there was a very large need for nurses but as the baby boom is decreasing now there is time and money for improvement of standards of living and disease control, our citizens are living longer. As the general population increases, so too does the demand for nurses. Now more than ever nurses are overworked but with the increasingly shortage of nurses they have to work harder and longer hours, which again is not benefiting the patients. Because of the nursing demand and staff shortage, staffs are taking more sick days due to excessive stress and lack of sleep and self-time. This is because nursing is very demanding on a person not just mentally but physically too. This is seriously compromising the NHS. In 2010 compared to 1980, there is a lot more technology for nurses to use and to be trained to use. Nurses today have to keep up to date with a lot more technology than a nurse 50 years would have had to. Technology can be seen as a good gadget and as a bad gadget, because not only do nurses have to provide basic and skilled care, they also have to learn how to work with many types of equipment that are specific to their area of expertise. The more popular piece of technology used every day by a nurse is a computer. Nurses use them every day as a way to document the care given to a patient. Although new technology is a good advantage for health care, it has its negatives, for example training the staff to use it costs a lot of money, but on the other hand, it can save lifes. Other important technology that is used every day that benefits a patient is, air mattresses as they help to prevent DVTs and assistance with IV insertion which has made things a lot simpler. All of the new high tech equipment being simplified is for user- friendliness, which means that the new methods are speeding things up. Lastly, infection control plays a big part in the NHS every day, so new technology is being developed all the time, although the basic hand washing procedures remain very much the same. There are many different approaches to nursing care, one being the holistic care. This type of care has become more and more popular. The commutations between the Health and Allied Health services improving, a total Patient Care Model has come about. Resulting in decreased in-patient times and better health outcomes. The holistic care has been seen more popular within the complementary therapies and concepts. The patient load that a nursed has is massive. In America, there was a debate about the amount of patients under care of nurses. In 1999, the debate was won and there was a cap of the amount of patients allowed under care of one nurse. The results have been very effective from happier staff and better care for patients. There should be a cap in the UK. The changes of nursing over the last 10 years have been welcomed with open arms, but there are still teething problems and views that need to be heard. Optimal patient care is in a constant battle with budget and we can expect to see new policy reforms, new technology, and new demands created in the decade to come. It remains the responsibility of not only the nurses, but also the patients of the future, to voice their opinions in order to guide the Industry in the right direction. Nurses are now expected to come with a bigger patents load but more paper work as well. The importance of the paper work has increases over the last 10 years. This is due to the society that we now live in as it has been raised to need someone to blame for everything. As a nurse or doctor there are many emotional people around you every day as people are dying all the time. Therefore, sometimes people sue the nurses and doctors as they are upset and think the person died due to the NHSs fault. Following this, nurses and doctors keep finding themselves in court. Even if they have not done anything, all allegations have to be investigated. This is the reason for paperwork there is to write up. Paperwork is the only solid setting stone and proof/ backup of a nurses care. A nurse is required to document every blood pressure reading, every medication, every incident, and every day. They have to  account  for every action, and put it all in writing. The problem with documentation is th at it takes time. More time for documentation means less time for patients. Plain and simple. The polices that nurses have to follow are very similar across the whole world. In Australia, the no-lift policy was introduced in the late 1990s. To date the policy is still used and the nurses are trained using this policy. No-Lift means using Lifting Machines to mobilise patients, using slide sheets to manoeuvre them around the bed and promoting back care in general. Although this concept is yet to be adopted in the UK, the benefits are becoming obvious and discussions have begun on the implementation of a similar policy in the UK. There are many different types of nurses that work in the community and in the hospitals. These can range from, Adult nurses, mental health nurses, Childrens nurses, Learning disability nurses, District nurses, Neonatal nursing, Health visitors, Practice nurses, Prison nurses, School nurses and Healthcare assistants. There are also many different levels to being a nurse. A health care assistant is under a nurse, and then you have staff nurses, then sisters and ward sisters and then nurse manager/ matron. All in all these all make up our NHS and work as a team to provide the best possible care for the patient. There is a large scale of pay, which starts at around  £13,000 to  £67,000. The above table shows how the NHS works. The last 40 years nurses uniform has changed but not that much. In the 1960s nurses still wore dresses and stocking .In the 1970†²s more changes came to the way nurses dressed. Dresses were a little shorter and the white caps were beginning to lose importance in some hospitals across the country. In the 1980†²s there was an end of the nursing caps altogether. Nurses also began wearing disposable aprons at this point rather than cloth aprons and medical facilities became much less militant in regards to restrictions on jewellery and cosmetics. During the 1990†²s and today, nursing dresses have been replaced with much more user-friendly scrub suits. Scrub suits can be found in a wide variety of colours and styles. Some hospitals have specific scrub suit colours for different types of hospital staff and others allow nurses and other staff to choose colours and styles that appeal to them. Todays nursing uniforms are designed more for function than form but are also conside red much more comfortable than those worn throughout history are. There are many different theories towards nursing. The three main ones are needs based theories. The main point being that the focus of nursing is the assessment and care of the patients / clients needs, which they are unable to meet for themselves. The second theory is interactions theories. The main point of this being the focus of nursing is the relationship between the nurse and the patient / client. Lastly, the other theory is the goal-based theories. The main point again being that the focus of nursing is the outcome and emphasis is placed on facilitating the ability of the patient / client to adapt to changes in their health and regain stability and harmony. Today in the NHS nursing takes on a role of the biomedical model. The biomedical model has been around since the mid- nineteenth century as the most common model used to diagnose diseases. The biomedical model states that All illness and symptoms arise from underlying abnormality in the body, all diseases give rise to symptoms and that health is absence of disease. The model overlooks the fact that the diagnosis is a result of commutation between doctor and patient. Biomedical model has no doubt led to huge medical advances although the patient has little responsibility for presence /cause of illness. In conclusion, the changes in roles and responsibilities of nurses in the modernisation of the NHS can beneficial towards the patients but can also be damaging towards the patients. This is due to lack of staff and increased working hours, more paperwork, and more tasks that a nurse has to do and there are generally more patients now than 10 years ago. Therefore, a nurse has less time caring for the patients needs. On the other hand, the modernisation is seen as a good thing because there is more technology nowadays to make the nurses life easier, which also get a more persist result. Within the context of policies and procedures there are no many more rules than year ago, which does make a nurses life maybe easier but maybe harder. With all of these changes to nurses and the NHS in general, is the modernization is good thing, does it have the patients interests are heart or is it about saving money?